[Evaluation of microbial aerosols in dental departments of Islamic Azad University, dental Branch, Tehran in 2009]

Aerosols containing microbes from the oral cavity of the patient are created by using high-speed rotating instruments while practicing dentistry. This study aimed to evaluate the level of microbial aerosol contamination in different dental departments of Islamic Azad University Dental branch in 2009.A cross sectional study has been carried out on184 samples of 3-6 location of 11 departments from operatory and non-operatory places. The samples were cultured on blood agar plates that was placed one meter height from the floor. In each section, a control agar plates were placed in non operatory part. Anaerobic microbes were not evaluated, Prevalence of contamination was evaluated and role of related factors: traffic sector, service type, time, or the use of turbines, the volume of space and number of units were analyzed by Fisher's exact test and DOE [Design of Experiments]. Aerosol contains microbes have been observed in% 88 of the samples. The air contamination in the therapeutic section was 47.3% and in non-therapeutic section was 52.7%. Microbes found in the same sectors, including grampositive cocci%58.5, gram-negative cocci% 25.8, gram-positive bacilli%12, fungi%2.1, gram negative bacilli%1.6 Microbial air pollution levels in non-health sectors in the morning and with fewer patients had increased significantly. The results shown high degree of contamination which is striking. According to AMI standard, the results shown high contamination rate, therefore the need for developing new means for preventing microbial aerosols is mandatory

Injuries among the health and therapeutic employees in a general hospital in Tehran

The health and therapeutic employees are facing with some particular hazards. The existing insurance system has a lot of different shortcomings. Determination of the frequency and type of accidents in a hospital was the main objective. All accidents were recorded and the study period was divided in to 3 periods. The victims who reported their accident were classified from personality point of view and the accidents of highly reliable employees were analyzed. Although number of needle-stick was relatively high [4.5%], cuts [45.4%] were on top. Youngsters had the highest injury rate. Creation of a unique record keeping system for the country or even for the world was the final conclusion

Crystal violet in culture media for diagnosis of neisseria species

Neisseria species are gram negative diplococci; an important characteristic of these bacteria is resistance against crystal violet. This study was done to investigate the effect of crystal violet on the growth of Neisseria, to observe the outcome of adding this substance in culture media for isolating these organisms, and finally to make a specific medium for isolation of the Nisseria species. The study was done in 3 phases: 1] Initially urethral discharge from 106 male patients with urethritis was cultured on NYC, chocolate agar and chocolate violet agar with various concentrations of violet from 1:100000 to 1:250000. We also made direct smears for gram stains. 2] Pharyngeal secretions from 230 healthy persons were cultured on chocolate agar, Muller Hinton agar, and Thayer Martin agar with different concentrations of violet between 1:50000 to 1:500000. Also direct smears were made for gram stains. 3] The standard strain of gonococcus [ATCC] were cultured on the three media. Concurrently we added various concentrations of violet from 1:50000 to 1:200000 to the above media and studied the effect of adding crystal violet on the growth of the standard strain. In first step, 69 out of 106 patients with urethritis were suspicious of gonorrhea, with positive culture of gonococcus on NYC medium from 64 patients. On chocolate agar only 54 positive cultures, [with 84% sensitivity against NCY medium], were seen together with a growth of normal flora. Chocolate agar plus violet in concentration 1:150000, showed 58 positive cultures, [with 91% sensitivity against NYC medium], with minimal growth of normal flora. In second step, 228 out of 230 healthy persons had positive culture of Neisseria, these organisms grew in different concentrations of crystal violet between 1:500000 and 1:50000. However, with minimal concentration of violet, there was a dense growth of normal flora and with gradual increase in concentration, normal flora grew sparsely. In direct exam, 228 cases of gram negative Neisseria like diplococci were observed. In third step, result of growth of the standard Neisseria gonorrhea in chocolate agar, Muller-Hinton agar and Thayer-Martin agar with and without different concentrations of crystal violet are as follow: In all media without crystal violet, the growth of the bacteria was perfect and abundant; while in media containing crystal violet, minimum colony count was observed in concentrations of 1:50000 and maximum colony count occurred at concentrations of 1:200000. To isolate pathogenic species of Neisseria, for e.g. gonococcus, we can use a specific chromogen medium like chocolate-violet agar 1:150000, or Thayer-Martin-violet agar or Muller-Hinton-violet agar with a concentration of 1:200000. Although nonpathogenic Neisseria have high resistance to crystal violet and were isolated from cultures with 1:50000 dilutions of this substance, but growth become sparse with higher concentrations. We can make chromogen media of varying strengths by adding different amounts of crystal violet in various media to get the desired results

Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum by multiplex PCR in semen sample of infertile men

The aim of this study was to detect Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum from semen samples of infertile men by Multiplex PCR and investigation of influence of bacteriospermia on semen parameters. Semen samples of 200 infertile men were evaluated by Multiplex PCR. In addition, analysis of semen parameters was performed according to the WHO guidelines. All the patients were without clinical symptoms of urogenital tract infection. Thirty three percent of cases showed at least one bacterium. We found a noticeable relation between the presence of bacteriospermia and the rate of non motile and morphologically abnormal sperms [P< 0.0001]. In addition, sperm concentration was lower in positive cases [P< 0.04]. There was no relation between leukocytospermia and bacteriospermia [P> 0.05]. Asymptomatic existence of Chlamydia and Mycoplasmas in urogenital tracts might play an important role in sperm impairment due to infertility. Bacteriospermia can influence sperm's motility, morphology and concentration

Local production of primary powder of bacillus thuringiesis serotype H-14 in Iran and determination of its insecticidal properties against culex pipiens and anopheles stephensi

Three media formulated from molasses and cornsteep liquor and another media based on the basal medium formulation of IPS-82 were assessed for the growth and production of insecticidal properties of B. thuringiensis H-14 Bacterial powders prepared from the broth cultures were assayed against the larvae of Culex pipiens and Anopheles stephensi. A standard powder of IPS-82 was included in the assay for comparison. Good growth was obtained in all the media and all powders were effective against the two types of mosquito larvae. Media with the basal medium formulation of Institute Pasteur Paris were the most effective. Molasses III media was also very favorable. The concentrations required to kill 50% of the larvae of Culex pipiens and Anopheles stephensi for these two were as follows: - Media with the basal medium formulation of Institute Pasteur Paris: 24hr. Lc50 and it's 95% confidence limits of Culex pipiens and Anopheles stephensi = 0.0025,0.0031,0.0018 mg/lit 0.1792,0.2603,0.1508 mg/lit - Molasses III Media: 24hr. Lc50 and it's 95% confidence limits of Culex pipiens and Anopheles stephensi = 0.0103,0.0115,0.0092 mg/lit 0.1994,0.2223,0.1769 mg/lit. The investigation shows that these media can be used for the production of B.thuringiensis H-14 primary powder